Study On Islamic Banking And Leasing Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1546 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Modern Islamic-finance is a rapidly increasing subsector of global finance markets. To appropriately comprehend it, we firstly understand the rules of trade and finance are part of religion on which Muslims demeanour their lives and order their finances and business. Even though no convincing data are yet on hand, a fact reflective of the industrys adolescence many observers guess the international industry has up to $500 billion in managed assets and a growth rate of 15 percent to 20 percent per year. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Islamic Banking And Leasing Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Some also argue that between two to three hundred institutions at present contributes towards industry internationally. (Umar F. Moghul, Esq, 2006) In banking system, Islamic banking is a system which is steady with Islamic Shariah Law bases and guided by Islamic economics. In general, Islamic law forbids the gathering and payment of interest (Riba in Islam). Generally, it also forbids dealing in fiscal risk like in gambling. It also forbids investment in businesses considered Haram like investing in pork, tobacco, alcohol. Islam has prohibited interest based financing and has really strict regulations against. There are so many Hadiths are to restrict Riba and ask muslims not to invest or get involve where interest is involved. Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) prohibit Riba, The Prophet Muhammad (SAW), said: A dirham of riba which a man receives knowingly is worse than committing adultery thirty-six times. Bayhaqi has also reported the above hadith in Shuab al-iman with the a ddition that Hell befits him whose flesh has been nourished by the unlawful. (Mishkat al-Masabih, Kitab al-Buyu, Bab al-riba, on the authority of Ahmad and Daraqutni). Islam banking system has introduced different contract to avoid the illegal interest and all of them has their importance according to the type of the business. In the current age leasing is every common in the banking system it is beneficial for the people as they pay the large amount in small but against this facilities bank charge extra interest which makes it totally illegal on the bases of Islam. What is the meaning of Ijarah (LEASING)? In general leasing means a contract or an agreement between two parties where one party rent his property to another on a rental bases. In Islam this type is known as Ijarah which is commonly been adopted buy most of the banks to offer their muslims client the benefit of Riba free financing. Ijarah is a term of Islamic Fiqh. Literally, it means To give something on rent The term Ijarah is used in two situations: It means To employ the services of a person on wages Another type of Ijarah relates to paying rent for use of an asset or property. Types of leasing: There are two common types Operating Lease: An operating lease is based on a rental agreement with three distinguishing description The price of an asset is not fully amortized over the rented timeframe. The Owner provides maintenance of the Asset. The asset is usually returned to the Owner. Therefore, the renter has the benefit of securing an asset, consuming it for his advantage and returning the same when it has served its purpose. Financial Lease: A Finance Lease is in core alike to a loan because significantly all risks and rewards connected to the leased assets pass on to the lessee. It is primarily distinguished by The asset being fully amortized over the lease period. The lessee is responsible for maintenance costs. The owner-ship is generally transferred to the renter at the end of the lease contract. In this respect, the association of the proprietor is restricted to financier. The main objective is to launch a product on the bases of Islamic Finance for the car distributors to sell their existing stock on the interest free car financing, after an extensive survey we have come to know that Islamic financing is growing in the world. Al-Noor Car Ijarah product: Al-Noor Car Ijarah is to provide a one step shop for innovative value added Shariah Compliant car leasing for the muslims as well as the non Muslims customers. Al-Noor Car Ijarah will be a car financing Product based on the principle of the Ijarah and it is interest free. This product will be ideal for the distributors who want to sell their existing Car stock on the Islamic bases and keep their profit Halal and it is ideal for those customers who are looking for an Auto-financing while evading an interest-based dealings. Al-Noor Car Ijarah will be a leasing agreement under which the car distributor rents it cars to the customers for the timeframe of 2 to 5 years, decided at the time of a contract. The customer will gets the owner-ship of the car at the end of the agreement period against it initial deposit. General Mechanism of Al-Noor Car Ijarah Ijarah is an Islamic Contract based on assets in which owner should have ownership of the asset throughout the timeframe of an agreement. According to the Islamic Shariah Law, owner has the ownership rights and its liabilities and all the user related rights and the liabilities remain with the user of the asset. A normal lease agreement does not differentiate the natures of such liabilities and put all types of liabilities on the renter, conflicting to Islamic Shariah. According to Ijarah contract all ownership related risks remains with the car distributor and all using related risks remain with the user of an asset, by making the leasing party the proper owner of the asset till the end of the contract and income coming from this contract became Halal (Permissible) for the car distributors. Key Features of Al-Noor Car Ijarah for New Cars: Ease of acquiring any new car available with the distributor No upfront Insurance Payment Required. No advance Rental Need. Available in tenures of 3, 4 and 5 years Plan. Minimum security deposit as low as 10% 15%. Maximum security deposits are 50%. Rentals are Monthly is Arrears after delivery. Agreement can be based on new and used cars. Key Features of Al-Noor Car Ijarah for Used Cars: The second hand car selected should be from its first owner. The vehicle should not be older than 4 years. The minimum security deposit for a vehicle up to 2.5 years of age is 10%, while minimum security deposit for a vehicle over 2 years of age is 20%. On termination of the Ijarah contract, the car should not be more than 7 years old. This means that if a car is 5 years old, the Car Ijarah tenure is not more than 3 years and if its 4 years old, the tenure may be set for a maximum 4 year term. Al-Noor Car Ijarah VS Conventional Leasing Features: Features Al-Noor Car Ijarah Conventional Leasing Ownership and Risk In Al-Noor Car Ijarah asset remain in the ownership of the bank throughout transaction tenor. Risk and rewards of ownership lie with the owner i.e any loss to the asset beyond the control of the lessee should be borne by the lessee. Although ownership remains with the lessor, but all risks of ownership are parked with the lessee as well. This is not permissible as per rules of the Ijarah. Rentals The rental amount decided at the time of the agreement cannot fluctuate unilaterally at the sole discretion of the bank. The bank can on its sole discretion increase transaction rates and rentals. Expenses Distributor / Lessee All expenses related to the ownership of the asset i.e insurance, accidental damage, will be borne by the lessor. Lessor All actual operating/ overhead expenses related to running the asset will be borne by the lessor. All expenses relating to the corpus (ownership) of the asset i.e insurance, accidental repairs, actual operating / overhead charges are borne by the lessee. Late Payment Charges In Al-Noor car Ijarah, lessee may be asked to promise that if he fails to pay rent on its due date, he will pay certain amount to a charity account. This amount cannot be taken in Banks income and its nature is of charity not of Riba. Charity is charged only to discipline the customers. An extra monetary amount is charged if rent payment is not paid on time and is taken in the income of the institute. This extra amount is Riba and is haram. Asset Theft/ Damage In case of asset theft / or severe damage (that it becomes unusable) rentals are stopped because rentals are obtained only for the use of the asset. Monthly payments are not stopped in any case of theft or severe damage to the asset. Rentals / Monthly Payments Rentals start after one month delivery of an asset. Monthly payments start from the booking of an asset irrespective of the condition that the asset is delivered to the customer or not. Upfront Payments Customer is only required to pay a Security deposit in a range of 15-50% along with actual documentation and processing cost. There are no other upfront payments. Upfront payments generally consist of: Down payment ranging from 10 15% min. Registration charges 1st year insurance premium 1st monthly rental 1st instalment of 2nd year insurance At the end Upon completion of the ijarah tenor, the customer can purchase the car from Car distributor via separate Sale deed or can return the car to the bank and take back his security deposit. The vehicle is automatically transferred in the name of the customer as per part of the contract.

The Teachings Of Confucius, A Fair And Balanced Feminist...

There is much to be gained from studying the teachings of Confucius, but a fair and balanced feminist interpretation is not one of them. Confucious covers a large variety of topics in his anelects. These writings go deep into the nuances of life, but somehow he fails to mention women in any meaningful way. If mentioned they are as a distraction to followers or of little importance. This imbalance in the treatment of women and men is embedded throughout the Analects. In the teachings of Confucius, the ideals he encourages such as devotion, and respect are represented in men and show them as loyal followers of the Way. However, in the writings of Lady Hyegyeong, these same traits that she exemplifies do not garner her respect. Instead she is seen as passive and lesser than the men that surround her. A feminist reading of confucius would be irresponsible because it encourages an imbalanced power dynamic, placing men above women. Confucius lays out a wide and diverse system of values and ideals to uphold in the Analects. Mainstays of this system include the importance of devotion and loyalty to the vital people in one’s life. In this Confucian anelect, this kind of commitment is introduced â€Å"The gentlemen applies himself to the roots. ‘Once the roots are firmly established, the Way will grow.’ Might we not say that filial piety and respect for elders constitute the root of Goodness† (1.3). Here it is established that devotion and respect are pillars for the â€Å"perfect

Cognitive Psychology Free Essays

————————————————- Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology  is a subdiscipline of  psychology  exploring internal  mental processes. It is the study of how people  perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems. Cognitive psychology differs from previous psychological approaches in two key ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now * It accepts the use of the  scientific method, and generally rejects  introspection[2]  as a valid method of investigation – in contrast with such approaches asFreudian psychology. It explicitly acknowledges the existence of internal mental states (such as  belief,  desire,  idea,  knowledge  and  motivation). In its early years,  critics  held that the empiricism of cognitive psychology was incompatible with its acceptance of internal mental states. However, the sibling field of  cognitive neuroscience  has provided evidence of physiological brain states that directly correlate with mental states – thus providing support for the central assumption of cognitive psychology. [3] The school of thought arising from this approach is known as  cognitivism. Cognitive psychology has also influenced the area of  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy(CBT) where the combination of cognitive and  behavioral psychology  are used to treat a patient. ————————————————- History Ulric Neisser  coined the term â€Å"cognitive psychology† in his book  Cognitive Psychology,  published in 1967[4][5]  wherein Neisser provides a definition of cognitive psychology characterizing people as dynamic information-processing systems whose mental operations might be described in computational terms. Also emphasizing that it is a â€Å"point of view† that postulates the mind as having a certain conceptual structure. Neisser’s point of view endows the discipline with a scope beyond high-level concepts such as â€Å"reasoning† that other works often espouse as defining psychology. Neisser’s definition of â€Å"cognition† illustrates this well: The term â€Å"cognition† refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and  hallucinations†¦ Given such a sweeping definition, it is apparent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do; that every[6]  psychological phenomenon is a cognitive phenomenon. But although cognitive psychology is concerned with all human activity rather than some fraction of it, the concern is from a particular point of view. Other viewpoints are equally legitimate and necessary. Dynamic psychology, which begins with motives rather than with sensory input, is a case in point. Instead of asking how a man’s actions and experiences result from what he saw, remembered, or believed, the dynamic psychologist asks how they follow from the subject’s goals, needs, or instincts. Cognitive psychology is one of the more recent additions to psychological research, having only developed as a separate area within the discipline since the late 1950s and early 1960s following the â€Å"cognitive revolution† initiated by  Noam Chomsky’s 1959 critique[7]  of behaviorism and empiricism more generally. The origins of cognitive thinking such as  computational theory of mind  can be traced back as early as  Descartes  in the 17th century, and proceeding up to  Alan Turing  in the 1940s and ’50s. The cognitive approach was brought to prominence by  Donald Broadbent’s book  Perception and Communication  in 1958. Since that time, the dominant  paradigm  in the area has been the  information processing  model of cognition that Broadbent put forward. This is a way of thinking and reasoning about mental processes, envisioning them as software running on the computer that is the brain. Theories refer to forms of input, representation, computation or processing, and outputs. Applied to language as the primary mental knowledge representation system, cognitive psychology has exploited tree and network mental models. Its singular contribution to  AI  and psychology in general is the notion of a  semantic network. One of the first cognitive psychologists,  George Miller  is well known for dedicating his career to the development of  WordNet, a semantic network for the  English language. Development began in 1985 and is now the foundation for many machine ontologies. This way of conceiving mental processes has pervaded psychology more generally over the past few decades, and it is not uncommon to find cognitive theories within  social psychology,personality psychology,  abnormal psychology, and  developmental psychology. In fact, the  neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development  have fully integrated the developmental conception of changes in thought with age with  cognitive models  of information processing. [8]  The application of cognitive theories to  comparative psychology  has driven many recent studies in  animal cognition. The information processing approach to cognitive functioning is currently being questioned by new approaches in psychology, such as  dynamical systems, and the  embodiment  perspective. Because of the use of computational metaphors and terminology, cognitive psychology was able to benefit greatly from the flourishing of research in  artificial intelligence  and other related areas in the 1960s and 1970s. In fact, it developed as one of the significant aspects of the inter-disciplinary subject of  cognitive science, which attempts to integrate a range of approaches in research on the mind and mental processes How to cite Cognitive Psychology, Essay examples Cognitive Psychology Free Essays Cognitive Psychology Brian Shrum Psy/360 April 11, 2013 Dr. Turner Cognitive Psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus said, â€Å"Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is short† (Goodwin, 2008, p. 28). We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was referring to the belief that while the study of human thought, emotion, and behavior is firmly entrenched in philosophy, psychology as its own discipline has only been around a short time. During this short time, different branches of psychology have come out, one of them is cognitive psychology, which is only roughly 50 years old. Cognitive psychology expands upon other fields of psychology to further reveal why human beings act in the way they do. This paper will define cognitive psychology, explore key milestones in its development, and discuss the importance of observation as it relates to cognitive psychology. While human behavior has been observed since the beginnings of psychology, the different fields focused only on observable behaviors. In contrast to that, cognitive psychology is a perspective that looks at the mental processes involved with human intelligence and behavior. These processes include thinking, speaking, perceiving, memory, and problem-solving (Willingham, 2007). This field of psychology researches the unobservable nature of these processes, and uses abstract constructs to better understand these processes (Willingham, 2007). Cognitive psychology has evolved from other fields of psychology, one of which is behaviorism. Behaviorism was a very popular field of study during the early part of the 20th century. Many well-known psychologists like Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner made their mark during this behaviorist revolution. The behaviorist movement was firmly rooted in the scientific method and relied heavily on the observable actions. While behaviorism was a useful tool in explaining behaviors based on instinct and drives, it had several large hold-ups in being useful for humans. First, most of the experiments were done using non-human animals such as Pavlov’s dogs, which had no real usefulness in explaining the aspects of human intelligence. The second, and most destructive shortcoming for behaviorism, was that it did not observe, nor could it explain, human language, or intrinsic drives (Willingham, 2007). From these short comings, it became evident that parts of the human psyche had to be studied, which is where cognitive psychology began to form. However, this shortcoming has not been the only development to help cognitive psychology become what it is. The metaphor comparing the human mind to a computer was a big leap for cognitive psychology. It allowed new abstract ideas to formulate on how the human brain works like an information processing center (Willingham, 2007). The basic break down of this is sensory input gives way to processing, and from processing a behavior is chosen and performed. This behavior could be internal or external dependant on what the input necessitates. For instance the computer currently being used to write this paper is receiving input from the keyboard. This information is translated as a bunch of zeroes and ones, which are then output to the monitor in the form of the letters being typed on the keyboard. Combine this metaphorical approach with the onset of technology, specifically neuroscience, and cognitive psychology continues to evolve. Neuroscience has tremendously helped cognitive psychology evolve. With the development of brain studying equipment such EEGs, CT scans, and MRIs cognitive psychologists, and scientists, are better able to understand how the brain is used in receiving input. A patient can be hooked up to one of these machines and be asked to perform a task, either physical or mental, and the brain patterns can be observed. While the direct process of the interaction between brain cells cannot be directly observed, the patterns can be. These observations can be used to determine if the inferences made by the observing cognitive specialist are accurate (Willingham, 2007). Observing how the brain reacts during these experiments can show links between the structure of the brain and the associated functions performed (Willingham, 2007). Even with technology playing a key role in cognitive psychology, behavioral observation does still play a key in cognitive psychology. Behavioral observation is still vital in cognitive psychology. This is because it has shown that two different people may develop different ways to solve similar problems. Through these observations it has been suggested that how people solve problems helps to develop new cognitive skills. Also, without observation, the only tests that can be run are thinking tests, which entails a large amount of logic being applied to the results (Willingham, 2007). Observing how different people handle different situations allows for generalization to not become a problem. The continued technology movement has fueled the cognitive psychology movement. Combing experiments with a machine that can view the brain functions while the behavior is also being observed has produced many new theories. This cognitive movement has been founded on the failures of the past, and is growing with the technology of the future. References Goodwin, J. C. (2008). A history of modern psychology (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Willingham, D. T. (2007). CognitionL The thinking animal (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Allyn Bacon. How to cite Cognitive Psychology, Papers Cognitive Psychology Free Essays Cognitive psychology is psychological branch that study mental process including how people think, see, memorize and learn. As part of field of cognitive science that is larger, this psychological branch related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistic. Main focus cognitive psychology is about how people acquire, process and stores information. We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is many practical application for cognitive research, such as memory increase, better decide and curriculum education structuring to increase learning. Meanwhile, there is cognitive learning style that is different per person. Every from us have learning style and our own thinking. We also have learning methods and thinking and information processing that we sharing with other people. Joint these cognitive styles distinguish us from persons that raise linguistic environment and different cultures. Although accept that student will be interacting with and handle, learning experience curriculum in their own way on they themselves, our curriculum development often based on comprehension being shared with learning process elements. My studying process and strategies Basically, I will concentrate during classes and jot down some notes. Besides, I will list out anything that I could not understand during lecture and search more about it in the Internet. Sometime, it would be difficult for me to digest everything during classes, and as a distance learner, it is very important for me to understand the subject during classes. I will normally seek for lecturer to get more information and example on subject that I don’t understand much. Besides that, I am learning from experiences and cases study too. Normally, cases study is very useful for elaboration on certain theory. During exam, I will read the notes all over again for almost one week. Summaries the notes are the hardest things to do as I need to decide what are the most important things in each chapter. However, in process of summarizing the notes, I actually can learn and understand more on the subject. First domain: Perception Those studying perception seek to understand how we construct subjective interpretations of proximal information from the environment. Perceptual systems are composed of separate senses and processing modules and sub-modules that represent different aspects of the stimulus information. Current research also focuses on how these separate representations and modules interact and are integrated into coherent percepts. Cognitive psychologists have studied these properties empirically with psychophysical methods and brain imaging. Computational models, based on physiological principles, have been developed for many perceptual systems. Second domain: Attention Attention is a concept studied in cognitive psychology that refers to how we active process certain information that attended in our environment. In cognitive learning, individual learn by listening, watch, touch, read, or experience and then process and remember information. Cognitive learning may be seemed to have been passive learning, because has no movement motor. Nevertheless, student is fairly active, with cognitive way, in processing and remembers information. Cognitive learning enable us to create and send culture that is complex which includes symbol, value, belief and norm. Because cognitive activity, which involved in many aspects human behavior, it may seem that cognitive learning only occurred in human. Attention resolve information burden problem in cognitive processing system by choosing pieces of information for further processing, or by manage source used for simultaneously a few information source. Empirical investigation attention focused to how and why attention improve performance, or how lack of attention prevent performance. Theoretical analysis attention has taken a few main approaches to identify mechanism attention, signal detection approach and choice equation approach. Brain imaging studies have documented effects of attention on activation in early visual cortices, and have investigated the networks for attention control. The amount of information that can be processed is limited. For example, music distracts me, while I’m trying to study, my attention will be divided over both the book and the music. However, when I study without having the music on, I would have more attention on my study. Cognitive processes determine which of the available information will be used and which will be ignored. Third domain: Learning Learning improves the response of the organism to the environment. Cognitive psychologists study which new information is acquired and the conditions under which it is acquired. The study of learning begins with an analysis of learning phenomena in animals and extends to learning of cognitive or conceptual information by humans. Cognitive study implied learning stress influence that is mostly automatic first experience on performance, and nature knowledge procedural. Study on learning process conceptual stress nature information processing enters, role explanation, and nature representation encoded. They use approach calculation was investigated nature concept that can more have been learnt easily, and rule and algorithm for learning system. Not all cases can easily capture learning by classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Studies are very inefficient if we have to rely heavily on training for all our studies. Human beings can learn efficiently by observation, take command, and imitate the behavior of others. Cognitive learning is a powerful mechanism that provides a way of knowledge, and goes a long way behind the other simple imitation. Reconciliation cannot explain what you learned from reading our website. This study will reveal the importance of cognitive learning. Cognitive learning is defined as the acquisition of knowledge and skills by cognitive or mental process; procedures we have for manipulating information ‘in our heads’. Cognitive processes including the creation of a mental representation of physical objects and events, and other forms of information processing. In cognitive learning, the individual learns by listening, watching, touching, reading, or experiencing and then processing and remembering the information. Cognitive learning might seem to be passive learning, because there is no motor movement. However, the learner is quite active, in a cognitive way, in processing and remembering newly incoming information. Cognitive learning enables us to create and transmit a complex culture that includes symbols, values, beliefs and norms. Because cognitive activity is involved in many aspects of human behavior, it might seem that cognitive learning only takes place in human beings. However, many different species of animals are capable of observational learning. For example, a monkey in the zoo, sometimes imitates human visitors or other monkeys. Nevertheless, most information about cognitive learning is obtained from studies on human beings. Fourth domain: Memory The study of the capacity and fragility of human memory is one of the most developed aspects of cognitive psychology. Memory study focuses on how memories are acquired, stored, and retrieved. Memory domains have been functionally divided into memory for facts, for procedures or skills, and working and short-term memory capacity. The experimental approaches have identified dissociable memory types or capacity limited processing systems such as short-term or working memory. Computational approaches describe memory as propositional networks, or as holographic or composite representations and retrieval processes. Brain imaging and lesion studies identify separable brain regions active during storage or retrieval from distinct processing systems. Memory Systems In the outside world there are many memory systems, such as an appointment calendar, videotapes, compact discs and a piece of computer. Artificial memory systems has become a source of ideas about human memory system might function. Computers, for example, have served as a model for members of the psychology of human cognitive processes and memory. Three memory systems are visual and auditory sensory memory, working or short-term memory, and long-term memory. First, data from the eyes and ears of the temporarily stored in the memory of visual and auditory senses, and then they step into the short-term working memory. Working memory is a limited capacity processor includes separate storage devices for visual and auditory information. For learning to occur, new sensory information from the visual and auditory systems must be integrated in working memory to form a coherent idea. Then these ideas must be rehearsed in working memory in a way that integrates new ideas into existing memories in long-term memory. The integration of new data into existing schemas is called encoding. Long-term memory has a large storage capacity. However, coding into long-term memory is not sufficient. All processing takes place in working memory; the new knowledge and skills encoded into long-term memory must be saved into working memory when needed to perform a skill or task. This final stage is the cognitive basis for transfer of learning. Learning through listening and reading in the classes does help me in my study. I also experiencing during assignment research. Therefore, cognitive learning does implemented in my learning process and strategy. Fifth domain: Problem Solving The cognitive psychology of problem solving is the study of how humans pursue goal directed behavior. Solving a problem is conceived as finding operations to move from the initial state to a goal state in a problem space using either algorithmic or heuristic solutions. The problem representation is critical in finding solutions. Expertise in knowledge rich domains also depends on complex pattern recognition. Problem solving may engage perception, memory, attention, and executive function, and so many brain areas may be engaged in problem solving tasks, with an emphasis on pre-frontal executive functions. Problem solving is a mental process that involves discovering, analyzing and solving problems. The ultimate goal of problem solving is to overcome obstacles and find a solution that best resolves the issue. Best strategy to solve problems depends on situation that is unique. In several cases, persons that better learn all what they can on the issue and then use knowledge fact to participate with solution. In other circumstances, creativity and insight are the best choice. The Steps in Problem-Solving In order to correctly solve a problem, it is important to follow a series of steps. Many researchers refer to this as the problem-solving cycle, which includes developing strategies and organizing knowledge. While this cycle is portrayed sequentially, people rarely follow a rigid series of steps to find a solution. Instead, we often skip steps or even go back through steps multiple times until the desired solution is reached. 1. Identifying the Problem: Identifying the problem is not always as simple as it sounds. Somehow, as for me, sometime I would mistakenly identify the wrong source of a problem, which will make attempts to solve it inefficient or even useless. 2. Defining the Problem: After the problem has been identified, it is important to completely define the problem so that it can be solved. 3. Forming a Strategy: The next step is to develop a strategy to solve the problem. The approach used will vary depending upon the situation and the individual’s unique preferences. 4. Organizing Information: Before coming up with a solution, we need to first organize the available information. What do we know about the problem? What do we not know? The more information that is available, the better prepared we will be to come up with an accurate solution. 5. Allocating Resources: Before one begins to solve a problem, you need to determine how high priority it is. If it is an important problem, it is probably worth allocating more resources to solving it. If, however, it is a fairly unimportant problem, then you do not want to spend too much of your available resources into coming up with a solution. 6. Monitoring Progress: Effective problem-solvers tend to monitor their progress as they work towards a solution. If they are not making good progress toward reaching their goal, they will reevaluate their approach or look for new strategies. 7. Evaluating the Results: After a solution has been reached, it is important to evaluate the results to determine if it is the best possible solution to the problem. This evaluation might be immediate, such as checking the results of a math problem to ensure the answer is correct, or it can be delayed, such as evaluating the success of a therapy program after several months of treatment. For more understanding, I would try to understand and summaries the results. Conclusion Cognitive development is a complex process comprising three principal concepts affecting the development process: assimilation, accommodation and equilibration. All three are associated with the formation of schemata and their modification in order to attain a balanced sense of understanding of the external world. Meanwhile, most students quickly find that reading and studying are more demanding than they have previously experienced. Unlike behaviorism, which focuses only on observable behaviors, cognitive psychology is concerned with internal mental and it uses scientific research methods to study mental processes. Each person has different cognitive learning styles, which allow us to gather and share information based on our processing habits. Unlike individual differences in a person’s abilities, cognition describes a person’s typical mode of thinking, perceiving, remembering or problem solving. Cognitive style is usually described as a personality dimension, which influences attitudes, values, and social interaction. How to cite Cognitive Psychology, Papers Cognitive Psychology Free Essays Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as how people think, perceive information, and learn (Willingham, 2007). This area of psychology mainly concentrates on the way people acquire, process, and store information. It has practical uses because it can enhance a person’s ability to learn by improving memory and advancing a person’s ability to make decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are four milestones in the development of cognitive psychology as a discipline. The research conducted by Dr. Alfred Adler was the first milestone in cognitive psychology. He is responsible for creating the theory of â€Å"Individual Psychology†. According to Alfred Adler’s â€Å"Individual Psychology†, every individual is born with the feeling of inferiority. From infancy, individuals first experience the feeling of helplessness and hopelessness. Individuals overcome the feeling of inferiority by striving for superiority towards the people they surround themselves with. Alfred Adler describes this feeling of inferiority as the driving forces behind all human emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. Some individuals experience the feeling of inferiority to an excessive level. These individuals have a high potential of developing inferiority complex. Inferiority complex is a condition where an individual feels hopeless and engages in unmotivated behavior. These individuals tend to become weaker and feel even more inferior as they age. (Adler, 1927). The second milestone in cognitive psychology is credited to Dr. Sigmund Freud. Freud introduced that the impulses governing sexuality were the factors that led to a normal or neurotic state of mind (Esterson, 1993). The third milestone was the work of Dr. Albert Ellis. His cognitive theory was called the â€Å"Rational Emotive Therapy†. â€Å"Rational Emotive Therapy† concentrates on resolving emotional and behavioral problems in order to lead people to live a happier life (Ellis, 1994). The fourth milestone in cognitive psychology is credited to the cognitive work of Dr. Aaron Beck. Dr. Aaron Beck’s cognitive theory places emphasis on helping individuals with difficulties. This is accomplished by first identifying dysfunctional thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. Once dysfunctional ties are identified, individuals learn new skills to change their thinking and behavior. In developing this theory, Dr. Aaron Beck concentrated on testing his theory on those individuals who experienced depression (Beck, 1979). Behavioral Observation is important in cognitive psychology. Behavior of an individual needs to be observed in order to draw a connection with how the individual’s mind works and responds. By observing human behavior, brain activity can be better predicted. In cognitive psychology, a good understanding of the brain can lead to uncovering a person’s method of processing information. Behavioral observation is the key to having an immense understanding of an individual’s cognitive psychology as it relate to how the individual thinks and responds. (Willingham, 2007). Beck, Aaron T. Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford, 1979. Print. Ellis, Albert. Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy: A Comprehensive Method of Treating Human Disturbances. New York: Carol Group, 1994. Print. Esterson, Allen. Seductive Mirage: An Exploration of the Work of Sigmund Freud. Chicago, IL: Open Court, 1993. Print. 25/Niedderer-MappingTheMeaningofKnowledge2007 Willingham, Daniel T. Cognition: The Thinking Animal. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007. Print. How to cite Cognitive Psychology, Essay examples

A Proposal for a Debate Club of a School free essay sample

We are practicing debate ad participate in different tournament. Beside this we have also other activities like: * Arranging debate tournament in national level and local level. * Maintaining practice sessions for our debaters. * Arranging workshop for the improvement of debaters. * Arranging leading and legendary debaters’ class as the national and international level workshop. * Practice for Bengali and English debate. * Club Committee: Every club has an active committee for maintaining the disciplines of the club. We will also have an active club committee. The format is given below: Chief Advisor: Head Master himself. * Advisor: One concerned Teacher. * Club Conveyors: Three Senior Ex-students. * Mentors: Could be Ex- students. * President: One Active Student. We will write a custom essay sample on A Proposal for a Debate Club of a School or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * Vice-President: One Active Student. * Head of Logistics Department: One Active Student. * Head of Debate and Workshop: One Active Student. * Head of Public Relation: One Active Student. * Treasurer: One Active Student. * Head of Socials: One Active Student. * Head of Sponsors: One Active Student. * Members: Two Active Junior Representatives. There will no discrimination for the designations. Every single individual who is qualified for the post will look after that department. Every active committee will elected for one year. * Club Awards: For the improvement of the quality of the debate, we will provide awards to acknowledge the best debaters in the following sector: * Best Debater of the year. * Best Team (Internal) * Best Speaker in respective position. * Sprit of Debate for the year. * Honorable Headmaster Award for the participation in debate and other club activities. * Best Organizer. * Organizers: This is not mandatory that every member should debate in the club. They can also attend for organizing. We will provide opportunities to the member to attend in domestic and international level debate tournament as an organizer. * Recruitment: Recruitment is very important part of the HR department of a club. For our debate club we recruit only once in the whole year. As the debate calendar starts from February to December. So we recruit our debaters at December last and arrange a practice workshop for the new recruits at January. For the first time we recruit about 50 people from 6 to 10 both from Morning and Day shift. For this fact, the club will run without any financial help from the school. It will run by its own fund which is maintained by the members and the supporters. And the tournaments will run by the sponsors and the school. School will have to provide at least 30% of the Total Budget of the tournament (This will applicable only for the Annual Debate Championship). The budget along with the permission proposal will send to the School Authority before the tournaments. At the initial stage, the mentors will be the senior Ex- Debaters of the school. So there will no cost for training the debaters.

200 Powerful Marketing Interview Questions to Hire the Best Team

200 Powerful Marketing Interview Questions to Hire the Best Team Building a strong marketing team isn’t easy. There are tons of companies competing for top talent, and it’s tough to find (and retain) the best fits for your organization. In fact, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the industry is projected to experience 10% hiring growth by 2026  (which is faster than average). Plus, the cost of mis-hiring can be high; according to MP Squared, â€Å"a mis-hire costs more than 5 times the candidate’s salary.† Those kinds of stakes are not a joke. From recruiting to interviewing to onboarding, getting the right people onto the right spots in your marketing department  is a long process. A key part of sorting out marketing candidates starts with asking the right interview questions. In this post, you’ll find a total of 165 things to ask interviewees across all different types of roles, to help you figure out what makes a candidate tick and determine whether they’re right for your business. This is useful stuff for the following folks: Marketing Managers: Especially if you’re new to hiring and team-building. HR Professionals: If you’re not marketing savvy, use this guide to move past generic interview questions. Job Hunters: Consider this guide a cheat sheet to what you might encounter. It’s time to get started. Table of Contents: Keeping Organized With Bonus Questions + Interview Scorecard Interviewing Tips General Marketing Interview Questions Marketing Manager / Director Questions Marketing Intern Questions Entry Level Interview Questions Copywriter Interview Questions Product Marketing Interview Questions PR Interview Questions Graphic Designer Interview Questions Social Media Marketing Interview Questions Content Strategist Interview Questions Marketing Analyst Interview Questions SEO Interview Questions Assessing an Interviees Responses

The Inferno essays

The Inferno essays On Good Friday 1300 AD, in Dante's thirty-fifth year, he goes astray from the straight road into the Dark Wood of Error. Seeing the Sun (Divine Illumination) lighting the Mount of Joy in the Distance, he attempts to climb up the mountainside but is blocked by three beasts of worldliness: the Leopard of Malice and Fraud, the Lion of Violence and Ambition, and the She-Wolf of Incontinence. When his hope is nearly lost, the shade of the Roman poet Virgil (a symbol of Human Reason) appears to him. Virgil has been sent by Beatrice in Heaven to lead Dante from error; he explains that to defeat the beasts it is necessary to take the harder route through Hell (where sin is recognized), Purgatory (where sin is renounced), then to Heaven to revel in the light of God. Dante accepts and sets off with him. The Poets pass through the Gate of Hell (inscribed with the famous line, Abandon all hope ye who enter here) and step into the Vestibule, where they see the torments inflicted on the opportunists and those who took neither side in the Rebellion of the Angels. They are not officially in Hell nor Heaven because their actions in life were not good enough or bad enough to warrant a place in either. They must forever pursue a banner just out of their reach while being stung by wasps; the blood and pus flowing from their wounds is feasted upon by worms and maggots. (The punishments in Inferno always fit the crime. The wasps signify the sinners guilty consciences and the worms and maggots, their moral filth.) The Poets wish to be ferried across the river Acheron by the boatman Charon, but Charon realizes that Dante is still living and refuses them passage until Virgil makes a good argument for Dante's case. Charon reluctantly agrees, but Dante faints out of pure terror and only awakes whe n he is on the opposite bank. Upper Hell, for those who committed the least serious sins, is made of five circles, each containing fewer sinners and smaller tha...

Marketing strategy of Adidas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing strategy of Adidas - Essay Example The firm that is analyzed in the paper is Adidas, the largest sport manufacturer in Europe and has Puma and Nike as its major competitors. They have divided their whole range of products into two segments: Adidas Performance and Adidas Originals. Adidas performance aims to show the loyalty and devotion of the brand to athletes, while Adidas Originals are all about fashion and lifestyle. The definition stated by Philip Kotler is: â€Å"The science and art of exploring, creating, and delivering value to satisfy the needs of a target market at a profit. Marketing identifies unfulfilled needs and desires. It defines, measures and quantifies the size of the identified market and profit potential. It pinpoints which segments the company is capable of serving best and it designs and promotes the appropriate products and services†. Adidas have been since its inception looking for opportunities in the market by constant market analysis. It has been seen that they have been the company of many firsts and therefore a company who has been creating a niche in many sectors. They introduced Adidas originals to target the market that did not wear the sportswear as they had no relation with sports but then Adidas cashed in on the opportunity by releasing a line of casual wears which would ultimately establish them in the non-sport sector as well. Main points from the definition: science and art of exploring, creating, and delivering value to satisfy the needs of a target market at a profit.... The only new thing it has ventured into is the fashion and style apparel industry as well. It has done the promotion of its products by hiring clubs and sportsmen from different sports and countries to be their ambassadors.. As for their casuals line they have even hired sportsmen in this arena but used them to portray the use of Adidas besides the sports they play, in their routine lives. Task Two SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning method that is used by companies to identify their internal and external conditions in one go. Strength and weakness are utilized as internal analysis tools while the opportunity and threats are used for external analysis. The SWOT analysis for ADIDAS is as follows (Smit, 2000): Strength: Adidas is a very established brand. It has been in the market since 1949 producing the sportswear for the world to wear. Deliverance of the promise. Adidas is a premium brand that promises to offer the best quality and delivers the same. Brand Ambassadors. Adidas has a very long and powerful list of brand ambassadors that includes people from nearly all the sporting arenas. It has sponsorship for huge sporting events like NASCAR and the IPL recently held in India. It has also had major sponsorship for some of the famous Football events. Diversity in the product range. Excellent supplier relationships. They have never had any lawsuits in relation with child labor or poor working. Adidas has a very established network of distribution; their goods are sold worldwide. Weaknesses: They are very heavily reliant on the sports industry alone. This may prove to be a disadvantage at a point as they have to diversify into other sectors as well to increase their own portfolio and reduce risks. They are

The theory of endogenous money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The theory of endogenous money - Essay Example endogenous money theory based its arguments on classical economics, it proved a constructive attempt for providing alternative theoretical framework for dealing with unsatisfactory IS/LM model. As of now, policy makers are receiving utterly contrasting advice from economists concerning how to surmount the prolonged financial sprawl in the USA and Europe: a number of them propose austerity while others advocate for deficit spending. With this regard, this paper will seek to assess the arguments and the probable impact of both policy extremes in the light of the theory of endogenous money. Fiscal austerity as well as fiscal stimulus brings about numerous impacts on the economy of a country, depending on the level or degree in which they carry out the redistribution of income to both the low and high earners. After the 2007/2008 economic slump, many nations continued to struggle with the view of reducing government debt levels. However, as time went by, it came to a point where the US and Europe’s governments accepted that they faced great level of government debts and as such, they ought to increase their revenue, cut their spending, default on their obligations, or thereof combine all of them. Some policy makers recommend austerity because it is an intriguing option and rarely takes place on government debt even at times when the available solution is painful (Keen and Grasselli, 2012:3). In spite of the measure that default increases the future borrowing cost sharply, austerity leaves tax increased and the level of government expenditure cut. Fiscal austerity, in a number of ways, seems to be the contrast for of fiscal stimulus policies. This is so because it leads to tax cuts and increase spending applied by government at times whose purpose is to expand the country’s economy. With reference to the endogenous theory, some policy makers seem to propose austerity due to its impacts. First, with austerity, low-income earners will be in a position to have

SABMiller's takeover of Fosters Implementation task Essay

SABMiller's takeover of Fosters Implementation task - Essay Example For instance, British business culture is more formal and there approach is more money oriented. British employees like to engage in work with people, besides the management and leadership put much high emphasis on organization structure. The Australian culture on the other hand is less formal and casual in job situations and above all organization rather than the workforce is the key motivator. Australian managers like to take direct part in the employee progress and have an environment similar to a coaching culture. Additionally, the Australians are more performance oriented rather than power oriented. This is a clear indication that unless SABMiller addresses these imminent cultural differences, the takeover bid may suffer a big blow. The Australian culture will certainly set leadership and management precedence to its organizations, which will be emulated by various managers and leaders. Marvin Weisbord six boxes model, which include purposes, structure, leadership, relationship, reward, and helpful mechanisms, can effectively be used to solve SABMiller takeover bid challenges. Purposes calls for the management to analyse the extent to which organization goals are clear, fits its vision and is upheld by everyone (Sharma , 2007; 72). Structure is the next element, it focuses on how work and communication flows in the organization. Relationships require management to assess the relationship between organization members, people and technology. Reward calls for management to identify what to recognize. Leadership calls for specific leadership style to be applied. Helpful mechanism calls for adequate coordination techniques (Shapiro, 2010). Kotters 8-Step Change Model is also the best solution to SABMiller takeover challenges. Step calls for the management to create urgency by publicizing the urgency around the need for change (Coutts, 2007). Forming a powerful coalition involves convincing everyone about the need for change while

Unethical issues of AIG

Unethical issues of AIG Company history   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American International Group, Inc is a company whose operation began back in 1919. It was established back then by Cornelius Vander Starr as an insurance agency in Shanghai, China. AIG left china in 1949 after Starr had established himself as the westerner the sell insurance to the Chinese people. AIG headquarters then shifted from china to New York City, which is still the headquarters up to date. It is from here that AIG began its expansion tapping into other markets such as the Latin America, Asia, Middle East and Europe through use of its subsidiaries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was in 1962 when Starr transferred management of AIG United states holdings to Maurice R. Greenberg. Greenberg introduced policies that made the company shift from its original personal insurance background to anew high market corporate targeted cover. The new management under Greenberg went on to focus mainly on selling AIGs insurance packages through independent brokers. This deviated from the initial system which made use of company agents thus eliminating the agents salaries. This move aimed at reducing the expenses of the company but it led to decreased sales in some of the companys products. Greenberg was named the successor to Starr in the year 1968. In the following year 1969 AIG first went public.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The start of problems facing AIG began during the tenure of Greenberg as AIGs CEO. It was during tenure that the company expanded from its initial line of insurance into other many complex lines of business and insuring risks that only a few other companies would consider handling. This led to the involvement of the company in businesses that it did not fully comprehend. AIG started investing in many different types of securities which included mortgage backed securities and also credit derivatives trading. AIG then went ahead to become a leading player in these markets, insuring other companys debt obligations against losses due to its excellent credit rating at the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was AIGs Financial Product Unit (AIGFP) that brought about the fall of the company, due to its disastrous credit swaps product. AIGFP was founded in the year 1987 by three Drexel Burnham Lambert Traders who were led by a Howard Sosin, a finance scholar. They convinced Greenberg based on the companys AAA credit rating to create a division which focused on complex derivatives trade. Greenberg and Sosin signed an agreement in which 38 percent of money earned went to AIGFP while the remainder 62 percent went to AIG. If things had to go bad down the line it was AIG and not AIGFP that would be on the hook. AIGFP continued its expansion program opening branches in other countries such as London, Tokyo and even Paris. Despite the fact that AIGFP had never made even a single credit swap by the year 1998 the unit had revenue of over $500 million (Tpmckraker, 2009)..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was in 1998 that AIG was approached by JP with a proposal to insure JP Morgans Complex corporate debt. It was stated by Gary Gorton, a Yale Business Professor that the chance of AIGFP not paying out these deals was almost 99.85 percent. This was based on the reasoning that for the unit to pay out these deals the economy would have to be in a full blown recession and that in this situation the counter parties would have already been wiped out. It was with this deal that AIGFP agreed for the first credit swap with Savage the then CEO signing the deal. Later in 1998 Cassano replaced Savage as CEO of the company. Although Cassano was not experienced in the complicated assessment of risks using computer models he was gifted in accounting and credit. It was through Cassanos strong desire to succeed that led to growth of the units revenue to 1 billion in a year and also led to a significant growth in the number of employees to 400 in 2005. AIG What went wrong? The start of problems facing AIG began during the tenure of Greenberg as AIGs CEO. It was during tenure that the company expanded from its initial line of insurance into other many complex lines of business and insuring risks that only a few other companies would consider handling. It was in the year 2002 that AIGFP was charged by the justice department for illegally helping PNC Financial Services to not correctly show their bad assts in their books. AIGFP did this by setting up a separate company special purpose entity to handle all the issues related to the assets of the PNC firm. By doing so AIGFP was alleged of breaking the securities law by setting up the company by the Feds that would invest in the firm making it appear real. It was until 2004 that AIG would fully settle the charges against it. It was asked to give back over $45 million in fees, a fine of $80 million and in addition give up all the interest it had earned on the deal. The unit was not formally sanctioned due to the incident but the justice department placed it on a short leash.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was in March of 2005 that Greenberg stepped down as the CEO amidst investigations on allegations of accounting malpractices at the firm by the New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer. The issue under investigation by then was not directly related to AIGFP, but the effects of the dealings eventually affected the operations of the unit negatively. Following the departure of Greenberg at the helm of the company and in addition the investigations ongoing within the organization the credit ratings agencies downgraded the companys credit worth from AAA to AA. This reduction in AIGS credit rating led to provisions in some of AIGFPs credit default swaps. This made AIG to pay in collateral for the deals over $1 billion. This was the mark of many dark days for the unit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was until later in the year that Eugene Park an executive at AIGFP was named to closely look at the portfolio containing the firms credit default swaps. The evidence was alarming in that the unit had insured many CDOs that had large proportions of it as sub prime mortgages. This meant that in any situation where the housing market had to collapse the risk of default was too high. This coming up after the downgrading of the units credit ratings indicated an increased chance that AIGFP had to come up with collateral to pay out all the bets it had made in the past. After Cassano was informed of the report he put up a group of investment bank researchers whose prime job was to assess the risks posed by the sub prime mortgages. The credit default swaps were stopped later in 2005 but this came as a case of too little to late owing to the fact that Cassano could not avoid obligations to his unit of over $80 billion worth that was in the form of collateral ized debts that were inform of already made swaps in the books of AIGFP.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the year 2007 with the collapse of the housing market and plummeting in value of sub prime assets AIG was supposed to pay a sum of $1.5 billion to Goldman Sachs based on the credit default swaps insured by AIG to cover the mortgage backed securities. During the same year AIG had to pay $2 billion to meet the demands of other firms that made collateral demands. It was during this year that the stock prices of AIG fell 25 percent and a reported loss of $1.1 billion in portfolio swaps in AIGFP. The problems facing AIG continued further with the company reporting a loss of $11.5 billion and in addition $5.3 billion posted as collateral in February of 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AIG would get further shock as the credit rating agencies planned to further downgrade the companys credit ratings as at September of 2008. This would trigger needs for more collateral that the company would not handle. What was unethical about AIG?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What was unethical about AIG was that the company would hand out multi-million dollar a bonus to its over 450 employees operating in its six offices around the world. After handing out these bonuses AIG still had the guts to accept a government bail out plan, this was as the country underwent recession with most of its citizens unemployed and barely making ends meet. AIG also conducted some unethical behavior with its executives dealing in unethical financial reporting practices and illegal brokerage as uncovered during a recent investigation by New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer (Cooper, 2006). AIG Whistleblower   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Former AIG CEO Greenberg claimed that following his departure internal controls he had established during his 40 years at the helm of the company had been abandoned. This was made in comments written to the made House Oversight and Government Reform Committee. In the comments Greenberg accused Robert Willumstad and Martin Sullivan who were both his successors as the CEO of AIG of being unable to execute enough oversight on AIGFPs division. And it was for this reason that the company faced a lot of troubles emanating from the divisions $500 billion portfolio. Greenberg claimed that the branch which was formed in 1987 was the company beginning to its downfall. Reports said that until this time AIG had lost $50 billion and made a $25.9 billion in mark to market losses. This was related to securities the company held in its investment portfolio and its CDS value.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Greenberg in his letter said that within the nine months a lot of credit collaterals default swaps had been made leading to increased obligations on the companys debt. This he said was different during his tenure and it was after he left office that most of the default swaps done by AIGFP were exposed to sub prime mortgages. . This led to the involvement of the company in businesses that it did not fully comprehend. AIG started investing in many different types of securities which included mortgage backed securities and also credit derivatives trading. AIG then went ahead to become a leading player in these markets, insuring other companys debt obligations against losses due to its excellent credit rating at the time. AIG today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AIGs future is still not clear after facing years of problems. It is now a year since AIG was bailed out by the federal government and the company is still in a transition. The company is undergoing several transformations that include increased efforts to appoint a new chief executive officer, its initiative to sell most its non core assets tied to the firm and the increased anticipation take off of its new Chartis brand dealing with its commercial property operations. AIG is still faced with the responsibility of repaying federal loans handed to it by the government which amount to billions of dollars. This is further complicated by the fact that it is still unknown how much the governments patience will last. All the above reasons lead to the inability of experts to gauge the companys future (Time. The curious Capitalist, 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The future of AIG is still dependent on the financial market stabilization. The companys policy holders are encouraged by the companys gradual rise from its problems. The process of redefining AIG i.e. prompted shifts in capacity has led to some of its clients having to reassess how they relate to the insurer. Most of the companys clients have chosen to remain loyal and appreciate the efforts made by the combine AIG and Chartis. Clients believe that the decision by the company to re brand its casualty operations was a step in the right direction. Although the Chartis spin off expected to be in the form of a public offering date has not been set, Chartis made a good start by explaining that it would take some time to its clients. AIG though slow in the process of disposing its noncore assts has made it clear that it would make sure that it gets the true value of its businesses through the process. The other looming question on AIGs future is its abilit y to repay the government bail out loans. References Top of Form Cooper, R. W. (2006) Research in Ethical Issues in Organizations Spitzers Allegations of Unethical/Illegal Behavior: Has the Insurance Industrys Ethical Environment Really Changed Dramatically? New York: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Mary, D. M., Irene, N. M. Victoria, S. (2006) AIG: Accounting and Ethical Lapses. New York: Emerald Group Publishing Limited Time. The curious Capitalist. (2009, Aug). AIG: Still a company. Retrieved October 5, 2009, from http://www.time.com/ AIG Still a company The Curious Capitalist TIME.com.htm

Appearance Vs. Reality Essay -- essays research papers

In Hamlet, one of Shakespeare's greatest plays, the young prince of Denmark must uncover the truth about his fathers death. Hamlet shows a play that tells the story of a young prince whose father recently died. Hamlets uncle Claudius marries his mother the queen and takes the throne. As the play is told Hamlet finds out his father was murdered by the recently crowned king. The theme that remains constant throughout the play is appearance versus reality. Things within the play appear to be true and honest but in reality are infested with evil. Many of the characters within the play hide behind a mask of falseness. Four of the main characters that hid behind this mask are Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and King Claudius. From behind this mask they give the impression of a person who is sincere and genuine, in reality they are plagued with lies and evil. Their appearance makes it very difficult for Hamlet to uncover the truth, because the characters hide behind their lies. Polonius, the king’s royal assistant, has a preoccupation with appearance. He always wants to keep up the appearance of a loving and caring person. Polonius appears like a man who loves and cares about his son, Laertes. Polonius speaks to his son with advice that sounds sincere but in reality it is rehearsed, hollow and without feeling. Poloniusgives his advice only to appear to be the loving, caring father. The reality is he only speaks to appear sincere as a politician, to look in front of the king good rather then actually be good: "And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. This above all: to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou cans’t not then be false to any man. Farewell; my blessing season this in thee!" Act 1 Polonius gives his son Laertes his blessing to go away, and then he sends a spy to follow him and keep an eye on him. This shows his lack of trust for anyone. He gives the appearance of a confident father who trusts his son to go off on his own, when in reality he lies about his trust for his son. This is made obviuos by the fact that he sends a spy to watch him. Polonius further adds to the theme of appearance verses reality by ordering Ophelia to stop seeing Hamlet. He lies to her telling her that Hamlet does not love her, he only lusts for her, in truth he has no idea whether or not Hamlet loves her. He says to her: â€Å"Ay,... ...is ,making Claudius a more deserving person to be king. As Claudius speaks in council he gives the appearance of someone who is a deserving person that should be king. Claudius is voted in as king meaning he is already approved by everyone. Claudius gives respect to his subjects giving the council the impression that he respects them. The king shows general concern for Hamlet, his nephew. These things make it very difficult to prove the truth about Claudius in the future for he has not only won the love and respect of council, But also possibly prevented a attack on Denmark (from Fortinbras) proving that he is good king that can protect the state from harm. Claudius makes it very difficult for Hamlet to prove the truth about the true nature of Claudius. Throughout the play, the characters all help to show the theme of appearance verses reality. Polonius, Rosencrantz (Guildenstern) and the king all appear to be good and honest. As Hamlet finds out, all contain lies and have hidden intentions within them. As each character is presented in the play all appear to be good and honest making it a difficult task for Hamlet to uncover the hidden truth about the nature of each character.

Waste Management individual coursework

Brief overview The modern day industrial societies are concerned with environmental protection and sustainable use of natural resources. A lot of waste is generated by businesses, households and the construction industry globally on daily basis. Engineering has a role in designing ways of effectively managing waste through various means like green technology and exploiting waste to produce alternative sources of energy (Worrell & Vesilind, 2012, p. 71). The management of waste through proper disposal or recycling is important in protecting the environment. Engineering has a great role in ensuring sustainable use of natural resources and environmental protection. Mechanical engineers are actively engaged with how the society uses natural resources. It discovers, designs, maintains, improves and repairs machineries like cars, airplanes and industrial equipment which human beings depend on for their daily lives (Wang & Koh 2010, p. 49). In the future, mechanical engineering will deliver solutions that will sustain and protect the existence of man on the planet. There are two major ways in which engineering can help in mitigating the problem of waste management which are preventing waste in engineering and management of waste. The next section will look at the two methods, their advantages, disadvantages and cases where they have been used successfully. Waste prevention (Designing out waste in mechanical engineering) Green manufacturing is an emerging concept in engineering that aims to achieve sustainable development in the manufacturing industry. Dornfeld (2010, p. 56) defines green manufacturing as the creation of manufactured products that use processes that conserve energy and natural resources, are non-polluting and are economically safe and sound for users. There is an increasing need for mechanical engineers and engineering in general to innovate new ways of creating products that minimise waste of resources. Rynn (2010, p. 87) asserts that for mechanical engineering to b e able to design products that are friendly to the environment, issues of sustainability should be part of all the decision making processes in engineering. This covers all the steps from product design to its end life and after that the needed efforts in regaining its value rather than disposal. The main objective for green manufacturing is to produce products that can be remanufactured, recycled or reused. As such green manufacturing process reduces the environmental impact of a manufacturing process than it was in the past. Green manufacturing systems include measures to reduce the volume of hazardous waste produced, change the energy mix to include the use of more renewable resources and cut down the volume of coolant consumed in the manufacturing process. The other measure that reduces waste of resources is lean manufacturing which has been successfully used by Toyota in its manufacturing plants. The lean manufacturing system as used by Toyota managed to reduce seven types of w astes in the company’s manufacturing process. Toyota reduced overproduction, inventory, transportation, motion, over processing, defects and waiting times (International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Green Manufacturing & Li 2010, p. 77). Most of these wastes are related to the desire to minimise the environmental impacts of the manufacturing process. For instance, a reduction in the waiting times saved company resources like lighting and air conditioning. Many machines used in the production process consume a lot of energy even when not processing any products. As such the idle time used for allowing the smooth flow of products wastes a lot of energy. The lean manufacturing processes, initiatives, strategies and techniques are advantageous in terms of reducing operational costs and also aim at boosting, restoring and significantly improving organisational competitiveness. Lean manufacturing reduces the manufacturing time by eliminating the wastes in the manufactur ing process. A reduction in manufacturing time leads to a subsequent reduction in operational costs in the form of labour, energy and other utilities. In so doing, it helps organisations in retaining, maintaining and significantly increasing their revenues, widening their margins and generation of savings from lowering costs. Lean manufacturing helps companies in saving space which raises the levels of efficiency and savings. According to Davim (2013, p.64), lean manufacturing has a potential of increasing the productivity of a company by approximately 75% to 125%. This is because the elimination of wastes and any other unnecessary practices at the workplace assists the employees to work without distractions and in so doing maximise output. The elimination and reduction of waste in the production process helps the companies in increasing earnings and profits by reducing wasteful use of resources. In addition to this, the elimination of unnecessary tasks and job positions helps compa nies in reducing labour expenses and in return increase their earnings (Skrabec 2013, p. 33). Despite the aforementioned benefits that come with lean manufacturing, there are various barriers that prevent organisations from fully implementing it in their manufacturing processes. The capital cost requirements of emission control and waste management are extremely high with long payback period (Worrell & Vesilind, 2012, p. 88). This makes it very difficult for most companies as this translates into higher product prices which would drive away potential customers. In other instances the capital input exceeds the direct economic gains thus frustrating the successful implementation of green manufacturing. The other barrier is that the manufacturing industry relies on certain technologies and processes that may cause undesirable effects but cannot be ignored like the volatile organic compound used in automotive manufacturing. Waste management (use of recycling and reuse) Waste management entails reducing the amount of waste that the manufacturing industry disposes on the environment (Ku?hnle 2010, p. 96). In reusing and recycling of waste products, the manufacturing industry reuses old or waste products to produce new products. Waste management reduces environmental pollution, energy usage, air pollution, water pollution and consumption of fresh raw materials by reducing the reliance on conventional waste disposal (Hesselbach & Herrmann 2011, p. 54). The manufacturing firms should therefore aim at reducing waste at each and every phase of the production process. The first step is to identify the areas where waste is high in the manufacturing process and then find out what needs to be recycled using cost benefit analysis. Nikon has successfully managed to do this and is recycling its wastes to produce new products. Recycling of old products is important because it helps in environmental conservation. Reusing of resources relaxes the strain placed on n atural resources which are increasingly getting depleted. The other advantage of recycling old products is that it reduces energy consumption (Shina 2008, p. 65). The manufacturing process uses large amounts of energy in processing the raw materials into finished products. Recycling helps the manufacturing companies in minimising energy consumption which is important for massive production like refining and mining. In addition to this, it also makes the production process effective in terms of cost which raises the margins for the manufacturers (Association for Manufacturing Excellence 2008, p. 162). Although product recycling is very beneficial to the manufacturers, there are some barriers that hamper the successful implementation of recycling old products in the manufacturing process. The first barrier is that the recycling process is not always cost effective because at times companies are forced to open up new factories thus raising their operational costs (Wang et al 2011, p. 2 2). A new factory by itself may even cause more pollution in terms of transportation, cleaning and storage. Other than operational challenges, the other major limitation of recycling is that the recycled products are not always as durable as the original products. Products made from trashed waste are cheap and less durable and may not generate sustainable revenue for organisations like other products. Key lessons learnt and how these can be used to improve the future Both lean manufacturing and waste reuse are important in reducing wastes that emanate from the manufacturing processes. Lean manufacturing should be used in eliminating wastages in the production process in order to ensure that organisations minimise operational costs. However, the findings reveal that both methods should be implemented in the manufacturing process in order to improve the waste management in mechanical engineering. Key conclusions and recommendations Waste management should be included in all the stages of the manufacturing process in order to ensure sustainability in engineering. Owing to the fact that the quality of recycled products is often lower than the other original products, it is recommendable to embrace lean manufacturing in order to ensure that wastages are eliminated in the production process. References Association for Manufacturing Excellence (U.S.) (2008). Green manufacturing: Case studies in lean and sustainability. New York: Productivity Press. Davim, J. P. (2013). Green manufacturing processes and systems. Heidelberg: Springer. Dornfeld, D. (2010). Green Manufacturing: Fundamentals and Applications. Berlin: Springer US. Hesselbach, J., & Herrmann, C. (2011). Glocalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing: Proceedings of the 18th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, Technische Universita?t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, May 2nd – 4th, 2011. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, & Li, S. (2010). Mechanical engineering and green manufacturing: Selected, peer reviewed papers from the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Green Manufacturing (MEGM) 2010, November 19-22, 2010, in Xiangtan, China. Stafa-Zurich: TTP, Trans Tech Publications. Ku?hnle, H. (2010). Distributed manufacturing: Paradigm, concepts, solutions and examples. London: Springer. Rynn, J. (2010). Manufacturing green prosperity: The power to rebuild the American middle class. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger. Shina, S. G. (2008). Green electronics design and manufacturing: Implementing lead-free and RoHS-compliant global products. New York: McGraw-Hill. Skrabec, Q. R. (2013). The green vision of Henry Ford and George Washington Carver: Two collaborators in the cause of clean industry. New York: Productivity Press. Wang, L., & Koh, S. C. L. (2010). Enterprise networks and logistics for agile manufacturing. London: Springer. Wang, L., Ng, A. H. C., Deb, K., & SpringerLink (2011). Multi-objective evolutionary optimisation for product design and manufacturing. London: Springer. Worrell, W. A., & Vesilind, P. A. (2012). Solid waste engineering. Australia: Cengage Learning.

Untouchables essays

Untouchables essays During the film The Untouchables, it is easy to see the violence of the gangs that were around in the time of Prohibition. The theme of gang violence is evident in the reading of Prohibition: The Lie of the Land, but not so much in Ardent Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. Prohibition was put in to practice in the passing of the 18th Amendment in 1919. The Volstead act, which it was named, made it illegal to drink and make alcohol. It was thought that in making alcohol illegal it would make the country of America a better and safer place to live in. But the reaction was not what was expected. People found ways to get alcohol weather it be by smuggling it in form other countries or making their own. There was rise violence as especially within gangs that were at war with each other over bootlegging. The reading that have been set are Prohibition: The Lie of the Land, by Sean Dennis Cashman, and Ardent Spirits: the Rise and Fall of Prohibition, by John Kobler. These two readings inform the reader about what happen during the years of Prohibition from the 1920 to the early 1930s. The first, Law of the Land, is centred on prohibition in the city of Chicago. It concentrated mostly on the gangsters that made millions out of prohibition, like Al Capone and Johnny Torrio. The other, Ardent Spirits focus more on various cities in America and how everyday people were still able to get the hands on alcohol weather buying it from speakeasies or making their own. The readings give a more in depth look at the under world of crime and the gangsters that were also seen in the movie The Untouchables. In Cashmans reading he focuses mainly on the city of Chicago and the gangsters that were involved in the bootlegging business, such as Al Capone and Jim Colosimo. Cashman gives background information on Capone and the beer wars...

Information on the Computer-Based GED Test

Information on the Computer-Based GED Test In 2014, the GED Testing Service, the only official keeper of the GED test in the United States, a division of the American Council on Education, converted the official GED test to a computer-based version for the first time. However, its important to realize that computer-based is not the same thing as online. GED Testing Service states that the test is no longer an endpoint for adults, but rather a springboard for further education, training, and better-paying jobs. The latest version of the test has four assessments: Literacy (reading and writing)MathematicsScienceSocial Studies The scoring system provides a profile of scores that includes a students strengths and areas of needed improvement for each of the four assessments. This scoring system gives non-traditional students the opportunity to demonstrate job and college readiness through an endorsement that can be added to the GED credential. How the Change Came About For several years, the GED Testing Service worked closely with many different education and career experts while making the changes it sought. Some of the groups involved in the research and decisions: High schoolsTwo- and four-year colleges and universitiesEmployersNational Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM)National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE)Adult educators from around the countryNational Center for Improvement of Educational Assessment, Inc.Educational Policy Improvement Center at University of OregonEducation Division of ACTInstitute for Education Leadership and Policy Its easy to see that a high-level of research went into the changes in the 2014 GED test. The assessment targets are based on the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) in Texas and Virginia, as well as career-readiness and college-readiness standards. All of the changes are based on evidence of effectiveness. The bottom line, the GED Testing Service states, is that a GED test-passer must remain competitive with students who complete their high school credentials in the traditional manner. Computers Offer Variety in Testing Methods The switch to computer-based testing allowed the GED Testing Service to incorporate different testing methods not possible with paper and pencil. For example, the Literacy Test includes text ranging from 400 to 900 words, and 6 to 8 questions in a variety of formats, including: Multiple choice itemsBrief short answer itemsSeveral different types of technology-enhanced itemsCloze items embedded in passages (multiple response options that appear in a drop-down menu)One 45-minute extended response item Other opportunities provided by computer-based testing are the ability to include graphics with hot spots, or sensors, a test-taker can click on to provide answers to a question, drag-and-drop items, and split screens so the student can page through longer texts while keeping an essay on the screen. Resources and Study Help The GED Testing Service provides documents and webinars to educators across the country to prepare them for administering the GED test. Students have access to programs designed not only to prepare them for the test but to help them excel at it. There is also a transition network that supports and links adults with postsecondary education, training, and career opportunities, providing them a chance to earn a sustainable living wage. Whats On the Computer-Based GED Test? The computer-based GED test from GED Testing Service developed in 2014 had four parts: Reasoning Through Language Arts (RLA) (150 minutes)Mathematical Reasoning (90 minutes)Science (90 minutes)Social Studies (90 minutes) Its worth repeating that while students take the test on a computer, the test is not an online test. You must take the test at an official GED testing facility. You can find the testing centers for your location via state-by-state listing of adult education websites. There are seven types of test items on the exam: Drag-and-dropDrop-downFill-in-the-blankHot spotMultiple choice (4 options)Extended response (Found in RLA and Social Studies. Students read and analyze a document and write a response using evidence from the document.)Short answer (Found in RLA and Science. Students write a summary or conclusion after reading a text.) Sample questions are available on the GED Testing Service site. The test is available in English and Spanish, and you can take each part up to three times in a one-year period.

Service marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service marketing - Essay Example But the storm had hit the hardest by the end of 2008 when the bank had lost both its CEO and Chairman on 19th December, 2008. Ireland was shocked by one of its greatest financial scandal which led Mr. Sean Fitzpatrick, Chairman-AIB and Mr. David Drumm, CEO-AIB to resign thereby leaving behind a scar of undisclosed loan to the tune of â‚ ¬87 million. Though it was apparent that these loans didn’t have any illegal intention as well as consequence, the Financial Regulator had observed that the actions that were taken in order to transfer them were inappropriate (Farrell, 2008). On 15th January, 2009, the Irish Government took the decision not to recapitalize AIB, but to nationalize it (Collins, 2009). On the next day AIB’s shares were shelved and the Government rejected its previous decision of injecting cash to revive the scandal stricken bank (O’Brien, 2009). At the wake of 2009 AIB had fallen from the status of Ireland’s pride to that of a tainted national scandal. Its woes have continued throughout last year and even in 2010 the bank is struggling with a multitude of wide ranging issues such as serious lack of transparency and legislative complications (Ihle, 2010). The undisputed strengths of AIB are its rich heritage and corporate experience. The bank should retrospect and continuously learn from itself. Though it has entered into an unfavorable phase, yet owing to its inherent strengths, AIB can reposition itself as the pride of Ireland. On account of being nationalized AIB has got an opportunity to appease its customers to some extent. It should make optimum use of this chance and implement strategies to reposition itself as a premier financial institution. The most significant threat that AIB faces in the current situation is that of uncertainty. The bank has lost its credibility and hence will be under constant public vigilance. AIB should adopt

How to Improve China's International Trade Essay

How to Improve China's International Trade - Essay Example International trade in China nowadays is the most developed form of international contacts. The Chinese international turnover during the years of reforms has grown from $10 billion in 1978 to $325 billion in 1997 (the positive balance equals to more than $40 billion). By the international trade volume China now takes the third place in the world, with its export and import in 2005 equaling to $1422.1 billion. (Lloyd 2006, p. 389) More than 220 countries have international trade relations with China, among which are USA, Japan, European Union, Korea, Taiwan, Russia, Australia and Canada. On July 1st, 2004 China adopted a new law 'About International Trade'. With the aim of stimulating the international trade, this law has replaced the regime of considering and registering the right for carrying out external economic operations for the simple system of registration, and there have been created strict regulations, relating to import and export of goods and technologies, international s ervice trade, international trade order, as well as the protection of copyright according to the abovementioned order. (Garnaut & Song 2005, p. 27) The dependence of Chinese economy on the international trade has grown significantly, which witnesses about its deep involvement into the world international ties and processes. Though China takes the third place in the world economy by the international trade volume, its weight in it can still become higher. The main obstacle for this is the low quality of the bigger portion of the goods, produced by the processing industry, which don't survive the rivalry of the similar products on the world market, and the absence of possibilities for increasing the raw materials export. The main task of the Chinese export policy is the providing of import financing, which is built with the account of the international conjuncture. The main efforts are directed at stimulating predominant growth of finished goods' export with the growing portion of science-heavy products; these processes are accompanied by achieving the quality of goods, which will correspond to the international quality standards . Considerable growth has been achieved in the total volume of finished goods' export, which by the beginning of 90s constituted already 2/3 of the Chinese export. The first place in export (50%) belongs to the consumer goods, among which clothes, shoes, toys, etc. An important place in the international trade of China is taken by the raw materials processing with the further export of the finished products - it constitutes about 50% of the total country's turnover. China is the leader in exporting textiles and silk. Textile industry is the main source of foreign income for China. (Kent 2002, p. 344) Less than 20% of export accounts for machine building and electro technical products. The growth of the specific gravity of these products in the world export is being restricted by the fact, that their quality is not competitive with that of other suppliers. The portion of Chinese machine building in the world export does not exceed 0.3%. (Manilla Bulletin 2005, p. 12) The structure of the international trade in China was described here to decide, what challenges are set in front of Chinese economy and foreign trade as the essential part in its development. The definition and determination of challenges will lead us to the definition of

Should Animal Experimentation Be Permitted Essay

Should Animal Experimentation Be Permitted - Essay Example Experiments on the regeneration of spinal nerve endings were conducted at the University of Zurich. In test-tube testing, nerves dismembered from rats were left open to immunoglobulin that blocked regeneration. The nerves regenerated successfully though not fully. The rats were the animals of choice because there was no other suitable replacement. The use of animals in these studies is important as those involved cannot present a raw form of treatment directly to humans. Opposition of experiments conducted on animals is a threat to medical advances and the furtherance of human knowledge. In relation to medical research, since there are no suitable replacements for animals, animal experimentation should be allowed. On the hand, due to the emotions attached individuals to animals, activists call for a ban as this is a selfish act for humans. The claim also is that, â€Å"will humans keep experimenting and murdering animals for these selfish gains till they are endangered?† Moreo ver, still on medical advances, animal testing should not be permitted as the same animals do not have the complexity of the human body (Murnaghan, par 3). Thus, should the products tested on animals fail on humans; it will be a waste of animals such as rats and mice. As a replacement for animals, computer models and simulations can be used to predict the likely reactions from an experiment (Murnaghan, par 3). Animal experiments should not be permitted if at all they are carried out unnecessarily (Environment commission, p.1). This is, in cases, such as those carried out for aesthetic value where animals should not be allowed for use. Instead, they should test their products by looking for volunteers, as it is the humans to use the products. At the same time, it tests on animals should be allowed as the animals conditions are put into considerations during the tests. In this case, they are not to suffer according to the law. This is such that, when the animals acquire adverse condit ions and complications from the experiments or reach the â€Å"human endpoint† (serious respiratory problems, loss of weight and extreme tumor growth), the animal is euthanized if the case is severe (Vos, p. 1). This is to mean that as long the animals welfare is taken into account, testing should be allowed. In drug experiment, animal testing assists in ensuring the wellbeing of medication taken by human beings or stuffs that human being are uncovered to frequently. Animals are used to test the dangers of these substances on humans thus lowering the potential harm and saving lives. Animal experiments should not be allowed as there are alternatives. Despite not being the best alternatives to animals, they can be used to reduce the numbers of animals used as well as the level of their suffering during experimentation. Replacements could be; cell cultures, which reduce the, number of animals used, use of statistics, which uses comprehensive data to gauge the spread of disease, and finally the use of advanced scanning technology that allows for investigation of disease through human scans rather than performing animal testing(Paul, 7). The use of animals for experimenting increases the knowledge and understanding of the animal being used for the experiment. This means that the animal species being used is a beneficiary of the experiment in that researchers may come up with ways to help the animals survive. This is as in cases where